Cardium Formation

Cardium Formation
Stratigraphic range: Turonian to Coniacian
Type Geological formation
Unit of Alberta Group, Colorado Group, Smoky Group
Sub-units Sturrock Member, Leyland Member, Cardinal Member, Kiska Member, Moosehound Member, Ram Member.
Underlies Wapiabi Formation
Overlies Blackstone Formation, Kaskapau Formation
Thickness 22 metres (70 ft) to 109 metres (360 ft)[1]
Lithology
Primary Sandstone
Other Shale
Location
Named for Cardium shells
Named by James Hector, 1895[2]
Region W Alberta, NE British Columbia
Country  Canada

The Cardium Formation is a stratigraphical unit of Upper Cretaceous age in the Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin.

It takes the name from the Cockle (Cardiidae) shells, and was first described along the Bow River banks by James Hector in 1895.[2]

Contents

Lithology

The Cardium Formation is primarily represented by marine sandstone, with massive sandstone beds separated by shale. The formation is sub-divided into the following members from top to base: Sturrock Member (sandstone), Leyland Member (shale), Cardinal Member(sandstone), Kiska Member (shale), Moosehound Member (shale) and Ram Member(sandstone). In central Alberta, the formation is divided into the Pembina River Member and Cardium Zone.

Oil/gas production

Natural gas is produced from the Cardium Formation in the Athabasca River area and the foothills in western Alberta, and oil is produced in central Alberta in the Pembina oil field.[3] The formation has good storage potential and stratigraphical traps are formed by the thick overlying shales of the Wapiabi Formation and Muskiki Formation, while the underlying black shale of the Blackstone Formation and Kaskapau Formation are good source rocks.[4]

The Cardium Formation had an initial established recoverable oil reserve of 305 million m³, with 220.9 million m³ already produced as of 2008.[5] Gas reserves totaled 88.3 million m³, with 30.8 million m³ already produced.[6]

Drilling for oil in the Cardium Formation rebounded in 2009, when horizontal drilling and multi-stage fracturing technology increased the oil recovery factor.[7] Driven by technology, drilling in the four decades old Pembina oil field increased, re-launching the field to the center of Alberta's oil economy.

Public companies

Throughout 2009, there has been consolidation underway, where land sales, corporate transactions, and consolidation of public companies with Cardium assets have been acquired by those intending to apply newer recovery techniques to improve field economics. Oil and gas companies that are part of this activity include: PetroBakken (TSXPBN, through its acquisitions of Berens Energy, Result Energy and Rondo Petroleum), Daylight Resources Trust (TSXDAY, through its acquisition of Highpine Energy and merger with West Energy, TSXWTL), PennWest (TSXPWT.UN, with a large land base), Paramount Resources (TSXPOU through its acquisition of Profound Energy), Crescent Point Energy (TSXCPG, through its acquisition of TriAxon Resources), and the smaller Bellatrix (TSXBXE), Delphy Energy (TSXDEE), Peyto Energy Trust (TSXPEY.UN). Dozens of other companies have land leases in the Cardium fairway, but have not employed horizontal drilling in the Cardium.

Distribution

The Cardium Formation extends south-north from the Canada-United States border to north-eastern British Columbia near Dawson Creek, and west-east from the Canadian Rockies foothills to the prairie plains of southern and central Alberta. Eastwards, the sandstone grades to shale.[1]

It was deposited during the Turonian and Coniacian stages of the Late Cretaceous along the western edge of the Alberta Foreland Basin.[4]

Relationship to other units

The Cardium Formation is conformably overlain by the Wapiabi Formation and underlain by the Blackstone Formation. The formation is partly equivalent to the Kaskapau Formation.[1]

Due to its large areal extent and regional marker startus, it is part of different stratigraphical groups (Alberta Group, Colorado Group, Smoky Group).

References

  1. ^ a b c Lexicon of Canadian Geologic Units. "Cardium Formation". http://cgkn1.cgkn.net/weblex/weblex_litho_detail_e.pl?00053:002448. Retrieved 2009-02-07. 
  2. ^ a b as reported in Whiteaves, J.F. 1895, Some of the Cretaceous fossils collected during Captain Palliser's explorations in British North America in 1857-60. Proc. and Trans., Royal Society of Canada, 2nd Ser., vol. 1, pp. 110.
  3. ^ Alberta Geological Survey. "Cardium Formation isopach map with distribution of major Cardium Formation oil and gas fields". http://www.ags.gov.ab.ca/graphics/atlas/fg23_02.jpg. Retrieved 2009-03-06. 
  4. ^ a b Alberta Geological Survey. "Cretaceous Cardium Formation of the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin". http://www.ags.gov.ab.ca/publications/wcsb_atlas/a_ch23/ch_23.html. Retrieved 2009-03-06. 
  5. ^ Mossop, G.D. and Shetsen, I - Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists (1994). "The Geological Atlas of the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin - Summary of oil reserves and production data". http://www.ags.gov.ab.ca/publications/wcsb_atlas/a_ch32/tb32_01.html. Retrieved 2009-03-06. 
  6. ^ Mossop, G.D. and Shetsen, I - Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists (1994). "The Geological Atlas of the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin - Summary of gas reserves and production data". http://www.ags.gov.ab.ca/publications/wcsb_atlas/a_ch32/tb32_02.html. Retrieved 2009-03-06. 
  7. ^ "Cardium Fairway". http://chinookconsulting.ca/News/Cardium.html. Retrieved 2010-03-26.